多病同防，秋冬季常见传染病预防及护理小常识 I Infectious Disease Prevention

甲型流感病毒为常见流感病毒，甲型流感病毒最容易发生变异，流感的传染源主要是病人，其次是隐性感染者。动物亦可能为重要贮存宿主和中间宿主。病人自发病后5天内均可从鼻涕、口涎、痰液等分泌物排出病毒，传染期约1周，以病初2～3天传染性最强。

• 要搞好室内外卫生，室内经常通风换气，保持空气清新，经常晒洗衣物及被褥。

• 不暴饮暴食，不吃生的或未煮熟的河鲜或海鲜，生食瓜果蔬菜要洗涤消毒、生吃瓜果要削皮，喝开水不喝生水。

• 讲究个人卫生，养成饭前便后洗手、外出回家洗手的良好习惯。日用品常进行日照消毒和适当处理，勤洗手、勤洗澡、常刷牙，纠正不良习惯。

• 咳嗽、喷嚏时遮住口鼻，儿童在校如出现身体不适，立即告诉老师，家长应积极配合学校落实病例居家隔离措施，避免交叉感染。

• 接种流感疫苗，流感疫苗最佳接种时间为每年10 月、11月份，流感疫苗接种一般在流感发生前1个月进行，能有效预防流感的发生。

肺炎支原体是导致支原体肺炎的病原体，经飞沫和接触传播，感染后潜伏期为2~3周。肺炎支原体感染全年散发，每3~7年有一次流行高峰。各年龄段人群对其普遍易感，儿童则是最易感的人群，发病高峰年龄是学龄前期和学龄期。

• 戴口罩，勤洗手，做好隔离措施。

• 保持环境清洁和通风。

• 饮食均衡，增强锻炼，提高免疫力。

• 在疾病高发季节应尽量减少到人群密集场所活动，如果家人有咽痛、咳嗽等症状，要注意与儿童保持距离，减少传染机会。

• 保持良好的呼吸道卫生习惯，咳嗽或打喷嚏时，用纸巾、毛巾等遮住口鼻，咳嗽或打喷嚏后洗手，尽量避免触摸眼睛、鼻或口。

• 发现儿童出现呼吸道感染症状应尽量居家休息，出现反复发热或咳嗽，一定要及早就医，以免延误病情。

肺结核是由结核分枝杆菌引起的一种慢性呼吸道传染病，病原学阳性的肺结核患者为其重要的传染源。

• 居室内经常开窗通风，不随地吐痰，咳嗽、打喷嚏时遮掩口鼻。

• 咳嗽、咳痰2周以上，或痰中带血，应怀疑是否得了肺结核，要及时接受检查；如出现肺结核可疑症状或被诊断为肺结核后，要主动向学校报告，不隐瞒病情、不带病上课；一旦诊断为肺结核，应立即在结核病定点医疗机构接受规范治疗。学生肺结核患者应按《中国学校结核病防控指南》相关要求接受休复学管理。

诺如病毒，又称诺瓦克病毒（NORWALK VIRUSES，NV），是急性肠胃炎最常见的病原体，该病毒基因多样且高度变异，每隔数年就会出现新变异。诺如病毒感染通常表现为自限性疾病，预后良好。

• 注意个人卫生习惯，如勤洗手，尤其是吃饭前、做饭前、上厕所后，一定要用肥皂及清水彻底洗净双手。

• 儿童所接触的玩具、文具以及生活用品要注意清洁处理。

• 开窗通风、多做一些户外活动、尽量不去公共场合。

• 打喷嚏时用手帕或清洁纸巾，不要用手直接擦拭。

• 保证儿童的睡眠，休息好，提高身体抵抗力。

日常卫生消毒工作

秋冬季的腹泻病，高发于10-12月，一般是由轮状病毒感染引起的急性肠道传染病，主要表现为呕吐、大便次数增多，呈蛋花汤样或水样，可伴有发热、恶心和腹痛。

• “感冒”症状，起病急，咳嗽、鼻塞、流涕，伴有发热。

• 频繁呕吐，呕吐物为胃内容物、清水或奶汁。

• 大便次数增多，常多于3次及以上，严重者可达十余次，大便呈白色、黄色或绿色蛋花汤样，多无腥臭味。

• 腹泻严重者可出现脱水症状，常伴有精神萎靡、口唇干、眼眶凹陷、排尿减少、哭时无泪等轻度脱水症状，严重脱水者可出现昏迷、眼窝深陷等严重症状，需及时送医。

• 防脱水：秋季腹泻对患儿危害最大的是脱水，严重脱水可造成大脑等器官损伤，甚至危及生命。一旦患儿出现腹泻要及时补充水分。

• 饮食：只有在患儿出现频繁呕吐时的情况下需要禁食，其他情况建议继续饮食，要鼓励孩子少量多餐。炖苹果可以止泻，炖苹果含有丰富的鞣酸蛋白，有吸附作用，可以止泻。

• 隔离：轮状病毒感染具有传染性，患儿要做好消毒隔离，减少外出，预防交叉感染。

• 注意饮食卫生，避免病从口入，避免接触患病的患儿，当大人出现呼吸道不适或身体不适避免亲密接触孩子。

• 养成良好的个人卫生习惯，饭前便后要洗手，日常注意勤洗手。

• 日常生活中需要注意增加孩子自身的抵抗力，饮食多样化和均衡，如多摄入富含优质蛋白、微量元素的食物；加强锻炼，规律作息。

Influenza A virus, particularly H1N1, is a common flu virus. It is prone to mutations, and the main source of influenza transmission is infected individuals, followed by those with asymptomatic infections. Animals can also be important carriers and intermediate hosts. The virus can be shed from nasal secretions, saliva, and phlegm of patients within 5 days of symptom onset and remains infectious for about a week. The peak of infectiousness occurs during the first 2-3 days of illness.

• Maintain good hygiene indoors and outdoors, regularly ventilate indoor spaces to ensure fresh air, and frequently sun-dry clothes and bedding.

• Avoid overeating and consuming raw or undercooked river or sea products. Wash and disinfect fruits and vegetables before eating raw, and peel fruits before consumption. Drink boiled water instead of untreated water.

• Pay attention to personal hygiene, develop good habits of washing hands before meals and after using the restroom, as well as upon returning home from outside. Disinfect daily use items through exposure to sunlight and proper handling. Wash hands, shower regularly, and brush your teeth frequently. Correct any unhealthy habits.

• Cover your mouth and nose when coughing or sneezing. If children experience any discomfort at school, inform the teacher immediately. Parents should actively cooperate with the school to implement home isolation measures for cases and prevent cross-infections.

• Get vaccinated against the flu. The best time for flu vaccination is typically between October and November each year. Flu vaccinations are usually administered about one month before the expected onset of the flu season and are effective in preventing the occurrence of the flu.

Mycoplasma pneumoniae is the pathogen that causes Mycoplasma pneumonia. It spreads through respiratory droplets and direct contact. The incubation period is typically 2-3 weeks. Infections can occur throughout the year, with a peak in outbreaks every 3-7 years. People of all ages are generally susceptible, with children being the most vulnerable. The peak age for infection is during the preschool and school-age years.

• Wear masks, wash hands frequently, and implement effective isolation measures.

• Maintain a clean and well-ventilated environment.

• Maintain a balanced diet, engage in regular exercise, and enhance immunity.

• During the high-risk season for diseases, try to minimize activities in crowded places. If family members have symptoms such as sore throat or cough, maintain distance from children to reduce the risk of transmission.

• Practice good respiratory hygiene. Cover your mouth and nose with a tissue or towel when coughing or sneezing. Wash hands after coughing or sneezing, and try to avoid touching the eyes, nose, or mouth.

• If respiratory infection symptoms are observed in children, encourage them to rest at home. If there are persistent fevers or coughs, seek medical attention promptly to prevent delays in treatment.

Tuberculosis, caused by Mycobacterium tuberculosis, is a chronic respiratory infectious disease. Pulmonary tuberculosis patients are a significant source of infection.

• Keep rooms well-ventilated, refrain from spitting indiscriminately, and cover your mouth and nose when coughing or sneezing.

• If you have a persistent cough or bloody sputum for more than 2 weeks, suspecting tuberculosis, it is important to undergo timely medical examination. If symptoms suggest tuberculosis or you are diagnosed with it, promptly report to the school without concealing your condition or attending classes while ill. Once diagnosed, seek proper treatment promptly at designated tuberculosis medical institutions. Students with tuberculosis should follow the guidelines outlined in the "Chinese School Tuberculosis Prevention and Control Guidelines" for managing their return to school after treatment.

Norovirus, also known as Norwalk virus (NV), is the most common pathogen causing acute gastroenteritis. The virus is highly diverse with frequent genetic variations, presenting new mutations every few years. Infections with norovirus typically manifest as self-limiting diseases with a good prognosis.

• Maintain personal hygiene habits, such as frequent handwashing. Especially before meals, before cooking, and after using the restroom, thoroughly wash hands with soap and water.

• Ensure that toys, stationery, and everyday items children come into contact with are cleaned and handled properly.

• Ventilate rooms by opening windows, engage in outdoor activities, and minimize visits to public places as much as possible.

• Cover your sneezes with a tissue or clean tissue and avoid wiping with hands directly.

• Ensure children get enough sleep, rest well, and boost their immune system.

Daily sanitation and disinfection work

Autumn diarrhea is a type of acute gastrointestinal infection that occurs in the fall and winter months, with a higher incidence from October to December. It is typically caused by infection with rotavirus, presenting with symptoms such as vomiting, increased frequency of bowel movements resembling egg drop soup or watery stools. Other accompanying symptoms may include fever, nausea, and abdominal pain.

• "Cold" symptoms with sudden onset, cough, nasal congestion, runny nose, and accompanied by fever.

• Frequent vomiting, vomit may contain stomach contents, clear water, or milk.

• Increased frequency of bowel movements, often more than 3 times or even over ten times in severe cases. Stools may resemble egg drop soup in color, being white, yellow, or green, often without a foul smell.

• Severe diarrhea can lead to dehydration. Mild dehydration may manifest as listlessness, dry lips, sunken eyes, reduced urination, absence of tears when crying, while severe dehydration can cause symptoms like unconsciousness and deeply sunken eye sockets. Immediate medical attention is required for severe dehydration.

• Prevention of Dehydration: Dehydration is the greatest threat to children suffering from autumnal diarrhea. Severe dehydration can cause damage to organs like the brain and can even be life-threatening. It's crucial to promptly replenish fluids when a child experiences diarrhea.

• Diet: Fasting is only necessary when a child experiences frequent vomiting. In other cases, it's advisable to continue with a regular diet and encourage the child to eat small, frequent meals. Stewed apples can help alleviate diarrhea. Stewed apples contain abundant tannic acid proteins that have an adsorptive effect, which can help control diarrhea.

• Isolation: Infections caused by rotavirus are contagious. Proper disinfection and isolation measures should be taken for infected children to minimize outings and prevent cross-infections.

• Maintain Food Hygiene: Practice good food hygiene to prevent diseases. Avoid contact with sick children. If adults experience respiratory discomfort or illness, they should avoid close contact with children.

• Develop Good Personal Hygiene Habits: Encourage regular handwashing, especially before and after meals. Pay attention to personal hygiene in daily life.

• Boost Child's Immunity: Focus on enhancing the child's immune system in daily life. Provide a diverse and balanced diet rich in igh-quality protein and micronutrients. Encourage regular exercise, maintain a consistent routine, and ensure adequate rest to improve overall immunity.